INTRODUCTION
Fruit production in
Vietnam has developed very significantly in recent years. This sector has
experienced rapid growth because income per hectare from growing fruits is four
to eight times greater than from growing rice. In the rapidly expanding markets
of Vietnam, it has been easy to sell fruits so producers have concentrated on
quantity rather than quality. However, this system of production is likely to
change, because traditional growing techniques are often irregular and
inadequate, disease-control measures are poor and markets are changing, with
better quality fruit being sought by consumers.
The lack of basic information of the fruits grown in Vietnam is a
bottleneck for further development. Although there are numerous kinds of fruits
in Vietnam, it is not possible for the author to cover them all in this small
publication. The present document only attempts to compile existing information
on six major fruits, four potential fruits, and six minor fruits. Pertinent information
on each fruit includes scientific and vernacular names (in English, French, and
five Southeast Asian nations - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and
Vietnam), general description, origin and distribution, ecology, genetics and
improvement, major cultivars in Vietnam, propagation, planting, pests and
diseases, fruiting season, harvest and yield, post-harvests operation,
problems, and prospects.
Major Fruits
These are fruits that are most commonly found in Vietnam. They are
listed in Table 1. However, the present document covers only six major fruits
having the highest priority in development, namely longan, lychee, mandarin,
mango, orange and pummelo.
Table 1. List of major
fruits of Vietnam
Scientific
name
|
Common
name
|
Vienamese
/ other SE Asian names
|
Anacardium
occidentale
|
cashew
|
Dao
Lon Hot, Cay Dieu / Jambu Monyet (Ins), Gajus, Jambu Monyet (Mal), Kasoy
(Phi), Mamuang Himmaphan (Tha)
|
Ananas
comosus
|
pineapple
|
Dua,
Thom, Khom / Nanas, Danas, Naneh (Ins), Nanas, Nanas Pager (Mal), Nanas,
Apangdan (Phi), Sapparot (Tha)
|
Annona
squamosa
|
sugarapple, sweetsop
|
Na,
Mang Cau Ta / Sirkaja, Sarikaja, Atis (Ins), Nona Sri Kaya, Buah Nona, Sri
Kaya (Mal), Atis (Phi), Noi Na (Tha)
|
Annona
muricata
|
soursop
|
Mang
Cau Xiem / Sirsak, Nangka Belanda, Nangka Seberang (Ins), Durian Belanda,
Durian Benggaka, Durian Makkah (Mal), Guayabano, Atti, Illabanos (Phi),
Thurian Thet, Thurian Khaek (Tha)
|
Artocarpus
altilis
|
bread fruit
|
Sake
[seedless] / Sukun [seedless], Kelur, Timbul [seeded](Ins);Kelor [seeded]
(Mal); Rimas [seedless], Kamansi [seeded] (Phi); Sa-ke [seedless], Khanum
Sampalo [seeded] (Tha)
|
Artocarpus
heterophyllus
|
jackfruit
|
Mit
/ Nangka (Ins, Mal), Jak, Lanka (Phi), Khanun (Tha)
|
Carica
papaya
|
papaya
|
Du
Du / Pepaya, Gedang, Kates (Ins), Betek, Ketelah, Kepaya (Mal), Kapaya,
Lapaya (Phi), Malako (Tha)
|
Citrullus
lanatus
|
watermelon
|
Dua
Hau / Betek (Ins), Beteka (Mal), Taeng Mo (Tha)
|
Citrus
aurantifolia
|
lime
|
Chanh
Vo Mong, Chanh Ta / Jeruk Nipis, J. Pecel (Ins), Limau Nipis, L. Asam (Mal),
Dayap (Phi), Manao (Tha)
|
Citrus
medica
|
citron
|
Thanh
Yen / Jeruj Sukade, Sitrun (Ins), Limau Susu (Mal),Bulid (Phi), Manao Khwai
(Thai)
|
Citrus
reticulata
|
mandarin
|
Quyt
/ Jeruk Keprok, J. Maseh, (Ins), Limau Kupas, L. Langkat, L. Cembul, L.
Tommbong, L. Hijau (Mal), Sintones, Dalangghita (Phi), Som Khieo Wan, Som
Saeng Thong (Tha)
|
C.
reticulata x
|
king mandarin
|
Cam
Sanh / Jeruk Jepun, J. Cina, J. Cina C. sinensis mandarin, Licin, J. Kondeh, J. Cempage, J. Kuwik (Ins),
Limau Tangor Cina, L. Kupa Raja
|
C.
reticulata xC. maxima
|
-
|
Cam
Bo Ha / -
|
Citrus
sinensis
|
sweet orange
|
Cam
/ Jeruk Manis, Chula, Choreng, (Ins), Limau Manis, L. Langgat, L. Hupa,
L.Wangkang (Mal), Kahel, Daladan, (Phi), Som Tra, Som Kliang (Tha)
|
Cocos
nucifera
|
coconut
|
Dua/
Kelapa, Nyiur (Ins, Mal), Niog, Lobi, Inniug, Ongot, Gira-gira, I-ing,
Ngot-ngot (Phi), Maphrao (Tha)
|
Dimocarpus
longan
|
longan
|
Nhan
/ Lengkeng (Ins, Mal), Lamyai (Tha)
|
Diospyros
kaki
|
persimmon
|
Hong
/ Kesemek, Buah Kaki (Ins), Buah Kaki, Buah Samak (Mal), Phlap Chin (Tha)
|
Durio
zebethinus
|
durian
|
Sau
Rieng / Durian (Ins, Mal, Phi), Thurian (Tha)
|
Fragaria
x ananassa
|
strawberry
|
Dau
Tay / Arben (Ins), Strawberry (Mal), Freasa (Phi), Satroboery (Tha)
|
Garcinia
mangostana
|
mangosteen
|
Mang
Cut / Manggis (Ins, Mal, Phi), Mangkhut (Tha)
|
Hylocereus
undatus
|
dragon fruit
|
Thanh
Long / Kaeo Mangkon (Tha) (being a newly developed fruit, no local name in
other country is available except for Thailand)
|
Lansium
domesticum
|
langsat
|
Bon
Bon / Langsat, Kokosan (Ins), Langsat, Langseh (Aglaia domestica)
(Mal), Lansones, Boboa, Buahan (Phi), Langsat (Tha)
|
Litchi
chinensia
|
lychee
|
Vai
/ Litsi, Kalengkeng (Ins), Laici (Mal), Letsias, Licheas (Phi),Linchi (Tha)
|
Mangifera
indica
|
mango
|
Xoai
/ Mangga (Ins, Mal, Phi), Mamuang (Tha)
|
Manilkara
zapota
|
sapodilla
|
Hong
Xiem (N), Xaboche (S) / Sawo Manila, Ciku, Sawo Londo (Ins), Ciku, Sau
Menila, Zapote (Mal), Chico (Phi), Lamut, Lamut Farang (Tha)
|
Musa
|
banana
|
Chuoi
/ Pisang (Ins, Mal), Saging (Phi), Kluai (Tha)
|
AA
|
ladyfinger banana
|
Chuoi
Ngu [King banana] (N), Chuoi Gia (S) / Pisang Mas (Ins, Mal), Kluai Khai
(Tha)
|
AAA
|
Cavendish banana
|
Chuoi
Gia / Pisang Ambol (Ins, Mal), Kluai Hom (Tha)
|
BB
|
wild balbi, siana banana
|
Chuoi
Hot (pig banana) / Butuhan (Phi), Kluai Tani (Tha)
|
AAB
|
plantain
|
Chuoi
Bom / Pisang Tanduk (Ins, Mal), Kluai Klai (Tha)
|
ABB
|
Bluggoe
|
Chuoi
Tay / Pisang Awak, P. Rastali (Ins, Mal), Kluai Namwa (Tha)
|
Nephelium
lappaceum
|
rambutan
|
Chom
Chom / Rambutan (Ins, Mal, Phi), Ngo (Tha)
|
Passiflora
edulis
|
passionfruit, purple granadilla
|
Dao
Tien, Qua Lac Tien / Buah Negeri, Pasi, Konyal (Ins), Buah Susu, Buah
Selasih, Markisa (Mal), Pasionaria, Maraflora (Phi), Lin Mangkon, Katoklok
Farang, Saowarot (Tha)
|
Persea
americana
|
avocado
|
Bo
/ Adpukat, Avokat (Ins), Buah Mentega, Avokado, Apukado (Mal), Luk Noei,
Awokhado (Tha)
|
Prunus
selicina
|
plum
|
Man
/ Ijas Jepang (Ins, Mal), Phlam (Tha)
|
Psidium
guajava
|
guava
|
Oi
/ Jambu Batu, Jambu Biji (Ins, Mal), Bayabas, Guayabas, Kalimbahin, Biabas
(Phi), Farang (Tha)
|
Punica
granatum
|
pomegranate
|
Lu’u,
Thap Lu’u / Delima (Ins. Mal), Granada, Dalima (Phi), Thapthim (Tha)
|
Pyrus
pyrifolia
|
oriental pear
|
Le
/Apel Jepang (Ins), Lai (Mal), Peras (Phi), Sali (Tha)
|
Sandoricum
koetjape
|
santol
|
Sau
/ Kecapi, Ketuat, Sentul (Ins), Sentul, Kechapi (Mal), Santol, Santor, Katul
(Phi), Krathon (Tha)
|
Spondias
cytherea
|
ambarella, otaheite apple
|
Coc
(S), Sau Van Nam (N) / Kedongdong Manis (Ins), (S. dulcis) Kedongdong
(Mal), Hevi (Phi), Makok Farang, Makok Thet (Tha)
|
Syzygium
jambos
|
roseapple
|
Ly,
Bo Dao, Roi / Jambu Mawar, Jambu Kraton (Ins), Jambu Kelampok, Jambu Mawer
(Mal), Tampoi, Bunlaun, Yambo (Phi), Chomphu Nam Dok Mai
|
Syzygium
samarangense
(S. javanica) |
Java apple, wax apple, chomphu
|
Man
/ Jambu Semarang, J. Klampok, J. Air Rhio (Ins), Jambu Air Mawar, J. Air Rhio (Mal), Makopa (Phi), C.
Khieo, C. Nak, C. Kaem Maem (Tha)
|
Tamarindus
indica
|
Tamarind
|
Trai
Me / Asam, Asam Jawa, Tambaring (Ins), Asam Jawa (Mal), Sambak, Sambalagi,
Sampalok, Kalamagi, Salomagi, Salunagi (Phi), Makham (Tha)
|
Vitis
vinifera
|
Grape
|
Nho
/ Anggur (Ins, Mal), Ubas, Papas, Parras (Phi), A-ngun (Tha)
|
Ziziphus
jujuba
|
Chinese jujube
|
Tau
/ Widara, Dara, Bidara (Ins), Bidara, Jujub, Epal Siam, Kuku Lang (Mal),
Manzanitas (Phi), Phutsa (Tha)
|
These are fruits that are less commonly found in Vietnam, yet they
have potential to be developed into commercial production, if improved
cultivars and planting techniques could be developed. The list of minor fruits
in Vietnam is presented in Table 2. However, only those that have the highest
potential are described, namely avocado, banana, breadfruit, cashew nut, dragon
fruit and mangosteen.
Table 2. List of minor
fruits of Vietnam
Scientific
name
|
Common
name
|
Vietnamese
/ other names
|
Averrhoa
bilimbi
|
bilimbi
|
Khe
Tau / Belimbing Asam, B.Wuluh, B. Butuk (Ins, Mal), Kamias, Iba (Phi), Taling
Pring (Tha)
|
Averrhoa
carambola
|
star
fruit, carambola
|
Khe
/ Belimbing Manis, B. Segi (Ins, Mal), Balimbing (Phi), Mafeung (Tha)
|
Baccaurea
ramiflora
|
Burmese
grape
|
Giau
Gia Dat, Giau Tien, Dzau Mien Dzuoi / Mafai Setambun, Tajam Molek (Ins),
Pupor, Tampoi, Tempui (Mal), Mafai Farang (Tha)
|
Chysophyllum
cainito
|
caimito,
star apple
|
Vu
Sua / Sawo Ijo, Sawo Hijo, Sawo Kadu (Ins), Sawu Duren, Pepulut (Mal),
Caimito (Phi), Sata Appoen (Tha)
|
xCitrofortunella
microcarpa
|
Calamondin
|
Quat
/ Jeruk Peres, J. Kasturi, J. Potong, Limon Cina, Limon Cui (Ins), Limau
Kesturi, L. Chuit, L. Sambal
|
(Citrus
microcarpa,C. madurensis)
|
golden
lime, musk lime
|
(Mal),
Kalamondin, Kalamansi, Limonsito, Aldonisis (Phi), Som Chit, Som Mapit (Tha)
|
Citrus
hystrix
|
porcupine
orange
|
-
/ Jeruk Purut, J. Lemon Swanggi, Lemon Purut, Lemo Titigila, Limo Kambang,
Lemo Karbau, Lemo Kabi (Ins), Limau Purut (Mal), Kabog, Amongpong, Katan,
Kamugau, Buyak, Daruga, Malatbas, Kabuyan, Piris, Muntai, Pinukpok, Kobot
(Phi), Makrut (Tha)
|
Citrus
limon
|
lemon
|
Chanh
Tay, Chanh Num / Jeruk Sitrun, J. Ponderosa, J. Khatta (Ins) Limau Mata, L.
Mata Kerbau, L. Susu (Mal), Manao Farang, Manoa Thet (Tha)
|
Citrus
medica var. sarcodactylis
|
Buddha’s
hand,fingered citron
|
Phat
Thu / Limau Jari (Mal), Som Mu (Tha)
|
Diospyros
philippinensis
(D. blancoi) |
velvet
apple
|
Hong
Nhung / Buah Mentenga, Bisbul, Mobolo (Ins), Buah Mentenga (Mal), Tabang
(Phi), Marit (Tha)
|
Eriobotrya
japonica
|
loquat
|
Ti
Ba Diep, Nhot Nhat Ban, Nhot Tay / Lokwar (Ins, Mal), Lo-khwat (Tha)
|
Flacourtia
rukam
|
rukam
|
Mung
Guan Rung / Ganda Rukem, Rukam (Ins), Rukam Manis, Rukam Gajah (Mal), Amaiit,
Aganas, Kalominga (Phi), Ta-khop Thai (Tha)
|
Fortunella
japonica
|
kumquat
|
Quat,
Kim Quat, Tac / Jeruk Kumquat, Lemon Marura (Ins), Limau Jepun (Mal), Kham
Khwat (Tha)
|
Limonia
acidisssima
|
wood
apple
|
Can
Thang / Kawista, Kusta (Ins), Belinggai, Gelinggai (Mal), Makhwit (Tha)
|
Pithecellobium
dulce
|
Guayamochil,
Manila tamarind
|
Me
Keo, Keo Tay / Assam Belanda, Asem Londo, Asam Koranji (Ins), Kamatsile,
Kamachile (Phi), Makham Thet (Tha)
|
Syzygium
cumini
|
Java
plum
|
Voi
Rung, Tram Moc / Jambu Jambolan (Ins, Mal), Duhat, Lumboi, Duatnasi, Dungboi
(Phi), Wa (Tha)
|
Syzygium
malaccense
|
Malay
apple
|
Cay
Dao, Cay Roi / Jambu Bol, Jamblang (Ins), Jambu Merah, Jambu Bol (Mal),
Gubal, Mangkopa, Makopa, Yanbu, Tersana, Makopang-kalabaw, Samunagi (Phi),
Chomphu Mamieo, Chomphu Saraek (Tha)
|
Areas of Production
Areas of fruit trees in Vietnam have been increasing with the
changing of cropping system. In addition, with the policy of the Government to
cover some areas in the mountainous regions with fruit trees, more areas have
been planted to fruit crops. In 2003, the total areas of fruit trees in Vietnam
was 643 550 ha, with total production of 5 695 000 tons (or the increase of
13.8% and 15%, respectively, as compared to 2000). The major fruit commodities
are banana, lychee and longan, citrus, pineapple and mango, whose area and
production are given below:
Banana: Area: 105 000 ha; total
production: 1 365 000 tons; important provinces and area (ha): Ca Mau (7 000),
Thanh Hoa (8,000), Song Nai (6 000), Soc Trang (6,500), Tra Vinh (3 400), Can
Tho (3 000 ha), An Giang (3 000 ha).
Lychee and Longan: Area: 190 000 ha; total production: 694 000 tons; important
provinces and area (ha): Bac Giang (25 500), Ben Tre (16 200), Tien Giang (13
528), Vinh long (9 500), Son La (9 600), Hai Dong (9 400), Quang Ninh (7 000),
Hoa Binh (4 500).
Citrus: Area: 73 000 ha; total
production 440 000 tons; important provinces and area (in ha): Can Tho (13
181), Ben Tre (6 000), Vinh Long (6 500), Ha giang (4 200), Nghe An (4 700),
Dong Thap (3 200).
Pineapple: Area: 40 000 ha (in
which 8 000 ha are grown to Cayenne varitey), total production: 337 500 tons;
important provinces and area (in ha): Kien Giang (7 710), Tien Giang (6 830),
Quang nam (2 320), Thanh Ho (1 600) Vµ Ninh Binh (1 572).
Mango: Area: 46 500 ha, total
production: 209 400 tons; important provinces and area (in ha): Tien Giang (6
000), Binh Phuoc (4 205), Song Thap (3 700), Can Tho (3 500), Khanh Hoa (4
000).
In addition, there are relatively large areas in some provinces
planted to some specific fruits, namely: plum (Bac Ha - Lao Cai), sweetsop
(Lang Son), dragon fruit (Binh Thuan) and grape (Ninh Thuan).
Area and production of major fruits grown on seven agro-economic
zomes of Vietnam are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Area and production of major fruits grown on seven
agro-economic zones of Vietnam*
Zone
|
Area
(ha) |
Production
(t) |
Kinds
of fruit
|
North
MiddleLand
|
32
335
|
313
600
|
lychee,
plum, peach, grape, orange,
apple, longan, persimmon |
Red
River Delta
|
12
774
|
173
700
|
lychee,
longan, banana
|
North
CentralCoast
|
14,430
|
131,100
|
orange,
mandarin, pummelo,
|
South
Central Coast
|
28
580
|
228
600
|
mango,
cashew, pineapple, grape, dragon fruit
|
Central
Highland
|
5
330
|
57
400
|
durian,
rambutan, mangosteen, jackfruit,
avocado, coffee, cocoa, sweetsop, jujube |
South
East
|
27
060
|
318
000
|
Ditto
|
Mekong
Delta
|
204
568
|
2
276 300
|
orange,
longan, sapodilla, mandarin,
pummelo, pineapple, durian, mangosteen, rambutan, guava, soursop, papaya, mango |
Total
|
325
077**
|
3
3442 000**
|
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