BAN CỐ VẤN

1.      Ivan Robert Kennedy   PhD DSc(Agric) FRACI

Trường ĐH Sydney, Australia

Gíam Đốc SUNFix Centre for Nitrogen Fixation

Special honours/distinctions:           

·         Fulbright Fellowship, PurdueUniversity (1966-68);

·         Australian Academy/Academia Sinica Fellowship (Acidification of Ecosystems) (China, 1988);

·         Gíao Sư Thỉnh Gỉang Đại Học  Paris (1992/93);

·         FRACI (Fellowship Royal Australian Chemistry Institute) (1995);

·         Pacifichem Conference (Hawaii Agrochemicals Coordinator, RACI/American Chemical Society, 2000-2010;

·         ACGRA CottonResearcher of the Year 2005;

·         Gíao Sư Thỉnh Gỉang Đại Học Khoa Học và Công Nghệ Thiên Tân, 2009

  

2.      Kỹ Sư Nguyễn Ngữ

 

Phó Phòng Nghiên Cứu Công Nghệ Sau Thu Hoạch

Viện Cơ Diện Nông Nghiệp Công Nghệ Sau Thu Hoạch          

Ông Ngữ là chuyên gia hàng đầu Việt Nam trong lĩnh vực nông nghiệp sạch. Các công trình nghiên cứu của ông tập trung vào các giải pháp sinh học giúp tăng năng suất cây trồng, giảm sử dụng hóa chất, giảm tổn thất và nâng cao chất lượng sản phẩm sau thu hoạch.

 

3.      Thạc Sĩ Bùi Quốc Anh (Trường ĐH Sydney, Australia 

 

Phó Ban Công Nghệ Sinh Học Khu Công Nghệ Cao TPHCM

Thạc Sĩ Bùi Quốc Anh là chuyên gia công  nghệ sinh học. Đề tài nghiên cứu của TS Anh về Clenbuterol ELISA kit được phát triển thành sản phẩm ELISA của Thời Đại Xanh sản xuất. Kinh nghiệm và kiến thức trong lĩnh vực xét nghiệm protein của TS Anh giúp cho các sản phẩm và giải pháp của Thời Đại Xanh được phát triển phù hợp với điều kiện Việt Nam và hỗ trợ khách hàng tốt nhất

 

 

INTRODUCT FRUIT OF VIETNAM

INTRODUCTION

Fruit production in Vietnam has developed very significantly in recent years. This sector has experienced rapid growth because income per hectare from growing fruits is four to eight times greater than from growing rice. In the rapidly expanding markets of Vietnam, it has been easy to sell fruits so producers have concentrated on quantity rather than quality. However, this system of production is likely to change, because traditional growing techniques are often irregular and inadequate, disease-control measures are poor and markets are changing, with better quality fruit being sought by consumers.

The lack of basic information of the fruits grown in Vietnam is a bottleneck for further development. Although there are numerous kinds of fruits in Vietnam, it is not possible for the author to cover them all in this small publication. The present document only attempts to compile existing information on six major fruits, four potential fruits, and six minor fruits. Pertinent information on each fruit includes scientific and vernacular names (in English, French, and five Southeast Asian nations - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam), general description, origin and distribution, ecology, genetics and improvement, major cultivars in Vietnam, propagation, planting, pests and diseases, fruiting season, harvest and yield, post-harvests operation, problems, and prospects.

Major Fruits

These are fruits that are most commonly found in Vietnam. They are listed in Table 1. However, the present document covers only six major fruits having the highest priority in development, namely longan, lychee, mandarin, mango, orange and pummelo.

Table 1. List of major fruits of Vietnam

Scientific name	Common name	Vienamese / other SE Asian names
Anacardium occidentale	cashew	Dao Lon Hot, Cay Dieu / Jambu Monyet (Ins), Gajus, Jambu Monyet (Mal), Kasoy (Phi), Mamuang Himmaphan (Tha)
Ananas comosus	pineapple	Dua, Thom, Khom / Nanas, Danas, Naneh (Ins), Nanas, Nanas Pager (Mal), Nanas, Apangdan (Phi), Sapparot (Tha)
Annona squamosa	sugarapple, sweetsop	Na, Mang Cau Ta / Sirkaja, Sarikaja, Atis (Ins), Nona Sri Kaya, Buah Nona, Sri Kaya (Mal), Atis (Phi), Noi Na (Tha)
Annona muricata	soursop	Mang Cau Xiem / Sirsak, Nangka Belanda, Nangka Seberang (Ins), Durian Belanda, Durian Benggaka, Durian Makkah (Mal), Guayabano, Atti, Illabanos (Phi), Thurian Thet, Thurian Khaek (Tha)
Artocarpus altilis	bread fruit	Sake [seedless] / Sukun [seedless], Kelur, Timbul [seeded](Ins);Kelor [seeded] (Mal); Rimas [seedless], Kamansi [seeded] (Phi); Sa-ke [seedless], Khanum Sampalo [seeded] (Tha)
Artocarpus heterophyllus	jackfruit	Mit / Nangka (Ins, Mal), Jak, Lanka (Phi), Khanun (Tha)
Carica papaya	papaya	Du Du / Pepaya, Gedang, Kates (Ins), Betek, Ketelah, Kepaya (Mal), Kapaya, Lapaya (Phi), Malako (Tha)
Citrullus lanatus	watermelon	Dua Hau / Betek (Ins), Beteka (Mal), Taeng Mo (Tha)
Citrus aurantifolia	lime	Chanh Vo Mong, Chanh Ta / Jeruk Nipis, J. Pecel (Ins), Limau Nipis, L. Asam (Mal), Dayap (Phi), Manao (Tha)
Citrus medica	citron	Thanh Yen / Jeruj Sukade, Sitrun (Ins), Limau Susu (Mal),Bulid (Phi), Manao Khwai (Thai)
Citrus reticulata	mandarin	Quyt / Jeruk Keprok, J. Maseh, (Ins), Limau Kupas, L. Langkat, L. Cembul, L. Tommbong, L. Hijau (Mal), Sintones, Dalangghita (Phi), Som Khieo Wan, Som Saeng Thong (Tha)
C. reticulata x	king mandarin	Cam Sanh / Jeruk Jepun, J. Cina, J. Cina C. sinensis mandarin, Licin, J. Kondeh, J. Cempage, J. Kuwik (Ins), Limau Tangor Cina, L. Kupa Raja
C. reticulata xC. maxima	-	Cam Bo Ha / -
Citrus sinensis	sweet orange	Cam / Jeruk Manis, Chula, Choreng, (Ins), Limau Manis, L. Langgat, L. Hupa, L.Wangkang (Mal), Kahel, Daladan, (Phi), Som Tra, Som Kliang (Tha)
Cocos nucifera	coconut	Dua/ Kelapa, Nyiur (Ins, Mal), Niog, Lobi, Inniug, Ongot, Gira-gira, I-ing, Ngot-ngot (Phi), Maphrao (Tha)
Dimocarpus longan	longan	Nhan / Lengkeng (Ins, Mal), Lamyai (Tha)
Diospyros kaki	persimmon	Hong / Kesemek, Buah Kaki (Ins), Buah Kaki, Buah Samak (Mal), Phlap Chin (Tha)
Durio zebethinus	durian	Sau Rieng / Durian (Ins, Mal, Phi), Thurian (Tha)
Fragaria x ananassa	strawberry	Dau Tay / Arben (Ins), Strawberry (Mal), Freasa (Phi), Satroboery (Tha)
Garcinia mangostana	mangosteen	Mang Cut / Manggis (Ins, Mal, Phi), Mangkhut (Tha)
Hylocereus undatus	dragon fruit	Thanh Long / Kaeo Mangkon (Tha) (being a newly developed fruit, no local name in other country is available except for Thailand)
Lansium domesticum	langsat	Bon Bon / Langsat, Kokosan (Ins), Langsat, Langseh (Aglaia domestica) (Mal), Lansones, Boboa, Buahan (Phi), Langsat (Tha)
Litchi chinensia	lychee	Vai / Litsi, Kalengkeng (Ins), Laici (Mal), Letsias, Licheas (Phi),Linchi (Tha)
Mangifera indica	mango	Xoai / Mangga (Ins, Mal, Phi), Mamuang (Tha)
Manilkara zapota	sapodilla	Hong Xiem (N), Xaboche (S) / Sawo Manila, Ciku, Sawo Londo (Ins), Ciku, Sau Menila, Zapote (Mal), Chico (Phi), Lamut, Lamut Farang (Tha)
Musa	banana	Chuoi / Pisang (Ins, Mal), Saging (Phi), Kluai (Tha)
AA	ladyfinger banana	Chuoi Ngu [King banana] (N), Chuoi Gia (S) / Pisang Mas (Ins, Mal), Kluai Khai (Tha)
AAA	Cavendish banana	Chuoi Gia / Pisang Ambol (Ins, Mal), Kluai Hom (Tha)
BB	wild balbi, siana banana	Chuoi Hot (pig banana) / Butuhan (Phi), Kluai Tani (Tha)
AAB	plantain	Chuoi Bom / Pisang Tanduk (Ins, Mal), Kluai Klai (Tha)
ABB	Bluggoe	Chuoi Tay / Pisang Awak, P. Rastali (Ins, Mal), Kluai Namwa (Tha)
Nephelium lappaceum	rambutan	Chom Chom / Rambutan (Ins, Mal, Phi), Ngo (Tha)
Passiflora edulis	passionfruit, purple granadilla	Dao Tien, Qua Lac Tien / Buah Negeri, Pasi, Konyal (Ins), Buah Susu, Buah Selasih, Markisa (Mal), Pasionaria, Maraflora (Phi), Lin Mangkon, Katoklok Farang, Saowarot (Tha)
Persea americana	avocado	Bo / Adpukat, Avokat (Ins), Buah Mentega, Avokado, Apukado (Mal), Luk Noei, Awokhado (Tha)
Prunus selicina	plum	Man / Ijas Jepang (Ins, Mal), Phlam (Tha)
Psidium guajava	guava	Oi / Jambu Batu, Jambu Biji (Ins, Mal), Bayabas, Guayabas, Kalimbahin, Biabas (Phi), Farang (Tha)
Punica granatum	pomegranate	Lu’u, Thap Lu’u / Delima (Ins. Mal), Granada, Dalima (Phi), Thapthim (Tha)
Pyrus pyrifolia	oriental pear	Le /Apel Jepang (Ins), Lai (Mal), Peras (Phi), Sali (Tha)
Sandoricum koetjape	santol	Sau / Kecapi, Ketuat, Sentul (Ins), Sentul, Kechapi (Mal), Santol, Santor, Katul (Phi), Krathon (Tha)
Spondias cytherea	ambarella, otaheite apple	Coc (S), Sau Van Nam (N) / Kedongdong Manis (Ins), (S. dulcis) Kedongdong (Mal), Hevi (Phi), Makok Farang, Makok Thet (Tha)
Syzygium jambos	roseapple	Ly, Bo Dao, Roi / Jambu Mawar, Jambu Kraton (Ins), Jambu Kelampok, Jambu Mawer (Mal), Tampoi, Bunlaun, Yambo (Phi), Chomphu Nam Dok Mai
Syzygium samarangense (S. javanica)	Java apple, wax apple, chomphu	Man / Jambu Semarang, J. Klampok, J. Air Rhio (Ins), Jambu Air Mawar, J. Air Rhio (Mal), Makopa (Phi), C. Khieo, C. Nak, C. Kaem Maem (Tha)
Tamarindus indica	Tamarind	Trai Me / Asam, Asam Jawa, Tambaring (Ins), Asam Jawa (Mal), Sambak, Sambalagi, Sampalok, Kalamagi, Salomagi, Salunagi (Phi), Makham (Tha)
Vitis vinifera	Grape	Nho / Anggur (Ins, Mal), Ubas, Papas, Parras (Phi), A-ngun (Tha)
Ziziphus jujuba	Chinese jujube	Tau / Widara, Dara, Bidara (Ins), Bidara, Jujub, Epal Siam, Kuku Lang (Mal), Manzanitas (Phi), Phutsa (Tha)

Minor Fruits

These are fruits that are less commonly found in Vietnam, yet they have potential to be developed into commercial production, if improved cultivars and planting techniques could be developed. The list of minor fruits in Vietnam is presented in Table 2. However, only those that have the highest potential are described, namely avocado, banana, breadfruit, cashew nut, dragon fruit and mangosteen.

Table 2. List of minor fruits of Vietnam

Scientific name	Common name	Vietnamese / other names
Averrhoa bilimbi	bilimbi	Khe Tau / Belimbing Asam, B.Wuluh, B. Butuk (Ins, Mal), Kamias, Iba (Phi), Taling Pring (Tha)
Averrhoa carambola	star fruit, carambola	Khe / Belimbing Manis, B. Segi (Ins, Mal), Balimbing (Phi), Mafeung (Tha)
Baccaurea ramiflora	Burmese grape	Giau Gia Dat, Giau Tien, Dzau Mien Dzuoi / Mafai Setambun, Tajam Molek (Ins), Pupor, Tampoi, Tempui (Mal), Mafai Farang (Tha)
Chysophyllum cainito	caimito, star apple	Vu Sua / Sawo Ijo, Sawo Hijo, Sawo Kadu (Ins), Sawu Duren, Pepulut (Mal), Caimito (Phi), Sata Appoen (Tha)
xCitrofortunella microcarpa	Calamondin	Quat / Jeruk Peres, J. Kasturi, J. Potong, Limon Cina, Limon Cui (Ins), Limau Kesturi, L. Chuit, L. Sambal
(Citrus microcarpa,C. madurensis)	golden lime, musk lime	(Mal), Kalamondin, Kalamansi, Limonsito, Aldonisis (Phi), Som Chit, Som Mapit (Tha)
Citrus hystrix	porcupine orange	- / Jeruk Purut, J. Lemon Swanggi, Lemon Purut, Lemo Titigila, Limo Kambang, Lemo Karbau, Lemo Kabi (Ins), Limau Purut (Mal), Kabog, Amongpong, Katan, Kamugau, Buyak, Daruga, Malatbas, Kabuyan, Piris, Muntai, Pinukpok, Kobot (Phi), Makrut (Tha)
Citrus limon	lemon	Chanh Tay, Chanh Num / Jeruk Sitrun, J. Ponderosa, J. Khatta (Ins) Limau Mata, L. Mata Kerbau, L. Susu (Mal), Manao Farang, Manoa Thet (Tha)
Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis	Buddha’s hand,fingered citron	Phat Thu / Limau Jari (Mal), Som Mu (Tha)
Diospyros philippinensis (D. blancoi)	velvet apple	Hong Nhung / Buah Mentenga, Bisbul, Mobolo (Ins), Buah Mentenga (Mal), Tabang (Phi), Marit (Tha)
Eriobotrya japonica	loquat	Ti Ba Diep, Nhot Nhat Ban, Nhot Tay / Lokwar (Ins, Mal), Lo-khwat (Tha)
Flacourtia rukam	rukam	Mung Guan Rung / Ganda Rukem, Rukam (Ins), Rukam Manis, Rukam Gajah (Mal), Amaiit, Aganas, Kalominga (Phi), Ta-khop Thai (Tha)
Fortunella japonica	kumquat	Quat, Kim Quat, Tac / Jeruk Kumquat, Lemon Marura (Ins), Limau Jepun (Mal), Kham Khwat (Tha)
Limonia acidisssima	wood apple	Can Thang / Kawista, Kusta (Ins), Belinggai, Gelinggai (Mal), Makhwit (Tha)
Pithecellobium dulce	Guayamochil, Manila tamarind	Me Keo, Keo Tay / Assam Belanda, Asem Londo, Asam Koranji (Ins), Kamatsile, Kamachile (Phi), Makham Thet (Tha)
Syzygium cumini	Java plum	Voi Rung, Tram Moc / Jambu Jambolan (Ins, Mal), Duhat, Lumboi, Duatnasi, Dungboi (Phi), Wa (Tha)
Syzygium malaccense	Malay apple	Cay Dao, Cay Roi / Jambu Bol, Jamblang (Ins), Jambu Merah, Jambu Bol (Mal), Gubal, Mangkopa, Makopa, Yanbu, Tersana, Makopang-kalabaw, Samunagi (Phi), Chomphu Mamieo, Chomphu Saraek (Tha)

Areas of Production

Areas of fruit trees in Vietnam have been increasing with the changing of cropping system. In addition, with the policy of the Government to cover some areas in the mountainous regions with fruit trees, more areas have been planted to fruit crops. In 2003, the total areas of fruit trees in Vietnam was 643 550 ha, with total production of 5 695 000 tons (or the increase of 13.8% and 15%, respectively, as compared to 2000). The major fruit commodities are banana, lychee and longan, citrus, pineapple and mango, whose area and production are given below:

Banana: Area: 105 000 ha; total production: 1 365 000 tons; important provinces and area (ha): Ca Mau (7 000), Thanh Hoa (8,000), Song Nai (6 000), Soc Trang (6,500), Tra Vinh (3 400), Can Tho (3 000 ha), An Giang (3 000 ha).

Lychee and Longan: Area: 190 000 ha; total production: 694 000 tons; important provinces and area (ha): Bac Giang (25 500), Ben Tre (16 200), Tien Giang (13 528), Vinh long (9 500), Son La (9 600), Hai Dong (9 400), Quang Ninh (7 000), Hoa Binh (4 500).

Citrus: Area: 73 000 ha; total production 440 000 tons; important provinces and area (in ha): Can Tho (13 181), Ben Tre (6 000), Vinh Long (6 500), Ha giang (4 200), Nghe An (4 700), Dong Thap (3 200).

Pineapple: Area: 40 000 ha (in which 8 000 ha are grown to Cayenne varitey), total production: 337 500 tons; important provinces and area (in ha): Kien Giang (7 710), Tien Giang (6 830), Quang nam (2 320), Thanh Ho (1 600) Vµ Ninh Binh (1 572).

Mango: Area: 46 500 ha, total production: 209 400 tons; important provinces and area (in ha): Tien Giang (6 000), Binh Phuoc (4 205), Song Thap (3 700), Can Tho (3 500), Khanh Hoa (4 000).

In addition, there are relatively large areas in some provinces planted to some specific fruits, namely: plum (Bac Ha - Lao Cai), sweetsop (Lang Son), dragon fruit (Binh Thuan) and grape (Ninh Thuan).

Area and production of major fruits grown on seven agro-economic zomes of Vietnam are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Area and production of major fruits grown on seven agro-economic zones of Vietnam*

Zone	Area (ha)	Production (t)	Kinds of fruit
North MiddleLand	32 335	313 600	lychee, plum, peach, grape, orange,  apple, longan, persimmon
Red River Delta	12 774	173 700	lychee, longan, banana
North CentralCoast	14,430	131,100	orange, mandarin, pummelo,
South Central Coast	28 580	228 600	mango, cashew, pineapple, grape, dragon fruit
Central Highland	5 330	57 400	durian, rambutan, mangosteen, jackfruit,  avocado, coffee, cocoa, sweetsop, jujube
South East	27 060	318 000	Ditto
Mekong Delta	204 568	2 276 300	orange, longan, sapodilla, mandarin,  pummelo, pineapple, durian, mangosteen,  rambutan, guava, soursop, papaya, mango
Total	325 077**	3 3442 000**

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